The response was hardly what Phil was hoping for. Omar paused and shifted his feet uneasily. "Why are you asking me this?" he protested. "Is there a concern?" If someone asked you how many times you lie on a given day, how would you answer (without lying)? Some studies indicate that we lie up to an amazing 200 times per day. Others suggest that it is near ten times that amount. Tidying up the surroundings is another form of grooming gesture. You ask a question, and suddenly the phone isn’t turned the right way, the glass of water is too close, or the pencil isn’t in the right place. Like anchor-point movements, count all of these grooming gestures that come within the response to a single question as a single deceptive indicator.

Han, X., et al.: Openke: an open toolkit for knowledge embedding. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, pp. 139–144 (2018)The main theme discussed in The book is the challenges of lie detection. It highlights two main ideas. Firstly, communication is complex and non-universal, making it difficult for humans to interpret others' messages accurately. Verbal and nonverbal cues can be challenging to process simultaneously, leading to missed or misinterpreted information. Additionally, single behaviors can have multiple interpretations, making it hard to discern the true meaning behind them. Bianchi, F., Rossiello, G., Costabello, L., Palmonari, M., Minervini, P.: Knowledge graph embeddings and explainable AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.14843 (2020) Another way to help coax the person into coming clean is to get them to give out more information than they planned. This throws them off of their game because liars usually set up a plan of all of the answers they are going to give.

Being a general reader, I found a sample narrative analysis in Appendixes a little too long and detailed for my taste and had to force myself to listen it to the end. Kim, J., Tabibian, B., Oh, A., Schölkopf, B., Gomez-Rodriguez, M.: Leveraging the crowd to detect and reduce the spread of fake news and misinformation. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, pp. 324–332 (2018)Secondly, communication is difficult to interpret because single behaviors can actually have many causes and be interpreted in more than one way. There are a couple of caveats associated with this particular indicator. First, this indicator is only applicable in a narrative response, not in a one-word or short-phrase response. Consider, for example, that a person’s head might make a sharp nodding motion when he says “No!” That’s not a disconnect; it’s simple emphasis. Second, it’s important to keep in mind that in some cultures, a nodding motion doesn’t mean “yes,” and a side-to-side head motion doesn’t mean “no.” So, you need to ensure you’re familiar with the cultural patterns of the person who’s being questioned. If your question has multiple parts, you often can’t be certain which part of the question is triggering the deceptive behavior.

INAPPROPRIATE LEVEL OF POLITENESS. We’re certainly not at all suspicious of someone who’s just a nice person. But if, in response to a question, a person suddenly increases the level of nicety, that’s significant. Perhaps the person says, “Yes, ma’am” in that particular response, but at no other time in the interview. Or a compliment might be injected during the response: “That’s a great tie, by the way.” The idea here is that the more we like someone, the more we’re inclined to believe him and to shy away from confrontation. The person is using politeness as a means of promoting his likability. Cruz, J.C.B., Tan, J.A., Cheng, C.: Localization of fake news detection via multitask transfer learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.09295 (2019)Vidros, S., Kolias, C., Kambourakis, G., Akoglu, L.: Automatic detection of online recruitment frauds: characteristics, methods, and a public dataset. Future Internet 9(1), 6 (2017) In this entertaining, instructive, and fascinating book, Phil, Michael, and Susan lay out an easy-to-follow process for detecting deception, with real-life stories that are the stuff of spy novels. I have used their model for years with phenomenal results.” —Marisa R. Randazzo, Ph.D., managing partner at SIGMA Threat Management Associates, former chief research psychologist, U.S. Secret Service Empowering yourself: The authors encourage readers to empower themselves by becoming more aware of their own behaviors and by learning to identify deception in others. HIDING THE MOUTH OR EYES. A deceptive person will often hide her mouth or eyes when she’s being untruthful. There is a natural tendency to want to cover over a lie, so if a person’s hand goes in front of her mouth while she’s responding to a question, that’s significant. Similarly, there’s a natural inclination to shield oneself from the reaction of those who are being lied to. If a person shields her eyes while she’s responding to a question, what she might well be indicating, on a subconscious level, is that she can’t bear to see the reaction to the whopper she’s telling. This shielding may be accomplished with a hand, or the person might even close her eyes. We’re not referring to blinking here, but if a person closes her eyes while responding to a question that does not require reflection to answer, we consider that a means of hiding the eyes, and a likely deceptive indicator.

Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Feng, J., Chen, Z.: Knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes. In: AAAI (2014) But no matter why people lie, many of us are involved in activities that require us to have access to truthful information. If you’re a lawyer, CEO or accountant, it doesn’t matter why people lie. What matters is the truth. As former CIA officers, Philip Houston, Michael Floyd, and Susan Carnicero are among the world's best at recognizing deceptive behavior. Spy the Lie chronicles the captivating story of how they used a methodology Houston developed to detect deception in the counterterrorism and criminal investigation realms, and shows how these techniques can be applied in our daily lives. If the response is yes and names a drug, follow with: “Okay, what other things have you tried?” or “When was the last time you experimented?”Our inability to accurately interpret communication can also be influenced by our own biases, assumptions, and beliefs. We may interpret others' messages based on our preconceived notions, which can cloud our judgment and lead to misinterpretations. Manning, C.D., Surdeanu, M., Bauer, J., Finkel, J.R., Bethard, S., McClosky, D.: The Stanford CoreNLP natural language processing toolkit. In: Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, pp. 55–60 (2014) Phil's colleague caught him at the door as he was leaving their secured location to conduct the interview with Omar. Communication is a complex and non-universal process that makes it challenging to interpret others' messages accurately. Our communication involves both verbal and nonverbal cues, but we struggle to focus on both simultaneously. Our perception of the world often fluctuates between being visually or auditorily dominant, making it difficult to discern others' communicative styles.