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Anil Mathew Varughese (2003). "Globalization versus cultural authenticity? Valentine's Day and Hindu values". In Richard Sandbrook (ed.). Civilizing globalization: a survival guide. SUNY series in radical social and political theory (illustrateded.). SUNY Press. p.53. ISBN 978-0-7914-5667-5. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14. Although the Pope Gelasius I (492–496) article in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia, theologian and Methodist minister Bruce Forbes wrote that "no evidence" has been demonstrated to link St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of Lupercalia, despite claims by many authors to the contrary. [notes 1] [23] [50] [51] Happy Valentine's Day History And Myths Behind It". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015.
Sharma, Satya (1996). "The cultural costs of a globalized economy for India". Dialectical Anthropology. 21 (3–4): 299–316. doi: 10.1007/BF00245771. S2CID 144173442. a b Alison Chapman. Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature. Routledge. pg. 122.In Finland, Valentine's Day is called ystävänpäivä, which means "Friend's Day". As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day was originally called valentinipäev and later also sõbrapäev ('Friend's Day') as a calque of the Finnish term. [172] France Vreme kot nalašč za izlete"[Weather As on Purpose for Trips]. Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). February 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (February 14, 2019). "A Valentine in Uncertain Times: 'I Kiss You Amid the Taliban' ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020 . Retrieved February 4, 2020. a b Eve Devereux (2006). Love & Romance Facts, Figures & Fun (illustrateded.). AAPPL Artists & Photographers Press. p.28. ISBN 1-904332-33-1. Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire; [41] [44] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them. [41] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love. [45] Folk traditions
Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says "It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action." Vivian Krug Hotchkiss (February 14, 1910). "Emotionscards.com". Emotionscards.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved August 6, 2011. Rayner W. Hesse (January 1, 2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.21. ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. It appears as the birthstone from February probably due to its association with Saint Valentine; therefore, amethyst has often been worn to attract love. a b Gordenker, Alice (March 21, 2006). "White Day". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014 . Retrieved June 30, 2007. Para quererte". El Periódico de Guatemala. February 10, 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.Islamabad High Court bans Valentine's day celebrations in public places". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko ( 義理チョコ), from ' giri' ("obligation") and 'choko', ("chocolate"), with unpopular co-workers receiving only "ultra-obligatory" (超義理チョコ 'chō-giri choko') cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko ( 本命チョコ, lit. "true feeling chocolate"), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko ( 友チョコ, from 'tomo' meaning "friend"). [143] a b "Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's". BBC. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) Malaysian Muslims warned against Valentine's Day". The Straits Times. February 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.
Valentine's Day 2016: Jane Austen tops poll to find most romantic line from literature, film and TV". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 4, 2020. Minhajuddin (February 14, 2020). "বিশ্ব ভালবাসা দিবস আজ". Bangladesh News Agency –bna (in Bengali) . Retrieved February 14, 2020. [ permanent dead link] ISNA News Agency. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 . Retrieved February 19, 2020.St Valentine Key, Italy". Pitt Rivers Museum. University of Oxford. 2012. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014 . Retrieved June 20, 2014. a b "Americans Valentine's Day" (PDF). U.S. Greeting Card Association. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2023 . Retrieved February 16, 2010. Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day". BBC News. February 3, 2002. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Agios Yakinthos". Crete Gazette. February 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018 . Retrieved February 13, 2018. The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing. [62] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers. [63] No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague. [62] Valentine poetry
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